The glass was initially solidified from acidic rock emitted by volcanoes,Before about 3700 BC, the ancient Egyptians had produced glass ornaments and simple glassware, with only colored glass at that time,Before about 1000 BC, China produced colorless glass. In the 12th century AD, commercial glass appeared and began to become an industrial material. In the 18th century, optical glass was produced to meet the needs of developing telescopes. In 1873, Belgium first produced flat glass. In 1906, the United States produced a flat glass induction machine. Since then, with the industrialization and scale of glass production, various types of glass with various uses and properties have been introduced. In modern times, glass has become an important material in daily life, production, and scientific and technological fields.
Types of glass are generally divided into oxide glass and non oxide glass according to their main components. There are few types and quantities of non oxide glass, mainly chalcogenide glass and halide glass. The anions in chalcogenide glasses are mainly sulfur, selenium, tellurium, etc. They can cut off short wavelength light lines and pass through yellow and red light, as well as near and far infrared light. Their resistance is low, and they have switching and memory characteristics. Halide glasses have low refractive index and low dispersion, and are mostly used as optical glasses.
Oxide glass is also divided into silicate glass, borate glass, phosphate glass, and so on. Silicate glass refers to glass with a basic component of SiO2, which has a wide variety of varieties and uses. Generally, according to the different contents of SiO2, alkali metal, and alkaline earth metal oxides in glass, it is further divided into: ① quartz glass. The SiO2 content is greater than 99.5%, with low coefficient of thermal expansion, high temperature resistance, good chemical stability, transparency of ultraviolet and infrared light, high melting temperature, high viscosity, and difficult molding. It is mainly used in semiconductor, electric light source, photoconductive communication, laser and other technologies and optical instruments High silica glass. The content of SiO2 is about 96%, and its properties are similar to those of quartz glass. ③ Soda lime glass. Mainly composed of SiO2, it also contains 15% Na2O and 16% CaO. It is low-cost, easy to form, and suitable for large-scale production. Its output accounts for 90% of practical glass. It can produce glass bottles, flat glass, utensils, light bulbs, etc Lead silicate glass. The main components include SiO2 and PbO, which have high refractive index and high volume resistance, and have good wettability with metals. They can be used to manufacture light bulbs, vacuum tube cores, crystalline glassware, flint optical glass, and so on. Lead glass containing a large amount of PbO can block X-ray and γ Radiation. ⑤ Aluminum silicate glass. With SiO2 and Al 2O 3 as the main components, it has a high softening and deformation temperature, and is used for making discharge lamps, high-temperature glass thermometers, chemical combustion tubes, and glass fibers Borosilicate glass. With SiO2 and B2O3 as the main components, it has good heat resistance and chemical stability, and is used to manufacture cooking utensils, laboratory instruments, metal welded glass, etc. Borate glass is mainly composed of B 2O 3 and has a low melting temperature, which can resist sodium vapor corrosion. Borate glass containing rare earth elements is a new type of optical glass with high refractive index and low dispersion. Phosphate glass is mainly composed of P2O5, with low refractive index and low dispersion, and is used in optical instruments.
In addition, according to the performance characteristics, glass can be divided into: tempered glass, porous glass (i.e. foam glass, with a hole diameter of about 40, used for seawater desalination, virus filtration, etc.), conductive glass (used as electrode and aircraft windshield glass), microcrystalline glass, opacified glass (used for lighting devices and decorative items, etc.) and insulating glass (used as window glass).
The main raw materials for the production of process glass include glass formers, glass adjusters, and glass intermediates, while the rest are auxiliary raw materials. The main raw materials refer to oxides introduced into glass to form a network, intermediate oxides, and oxides outside the network; Auxiliary raw materials include clarifying agents, fluxes, opacifying agents, colorants, decolorizing agents, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents.
The glass production process mainly includes: ① raw material pre processing. Crush the bulk raw materials, dry the wet raw materials, and remove iron from the iron-containing raw materials to ensure the quality of the glass Batch preparation. ③ Melting. The glass batch is heated at high temperature in a tank or crucible kiln to form a uniform, bubble-free liquid glass that meets the molding requirements forming. Processing liquid glass into products of the required shape, such as flat plates, various utensils, etc Heat treatment. Through annealing, quenching, and other processes, stress, phase separation, or crystallization within the glass are eliminated or generated, as well as the structural state of the glass is changed
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